Using a new calculation process, it is now possible to predict fiber orientation-dependent component behavior in relation to shaped elements at an early stage and thus design the component in accordance with the expected load. This reduces costly iteration cycles and thereby shortens the entire development and manufacturing process. What is more, the concept can also be applied to areas where Integrative Simulation was previously too expensive or time-consuming.
Short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic injection molded parts are increasingly being used in place of steel or aluminum. The Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF has developed a method to take into account the fiber orientation of short-fiber-reinforced injection molded parts, even at stages where there are still no components, such as prototypes. This phenomenological calculation concept is expected to close a significant gap in the design cycle of these molded parts.
Depending on the level of detail required, the new procedure can be regarded as an independent solution for component design or as an upstream supplement for integrative simulation. Fraunhofer LBF will present its research results from 12 to 14 March 2019 at the JEC trade fair in Paris at the Hessen joint exhibition in Hall 5, booth G71. More information is available at www.lbf.fraunhofer.de/jec2019
Typical applications for short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic injection molded parts include their usage in the automotive or aerospace industries. In the automotive industry, in particular, where large quantities are required in the shortest time frames, the injection molding process represents an efficient manufacturing process of plastics, also allowing for high design flexibility. However, predicting fiber orientation which is determined by the process, material and dimensions being used, still presents a major challenge. This concept is still at the cutting edge of current research.
One method of incorporating fiber orientation into the design of corresponding shaped parts is integrative simulation. This makes it possible to transfer relevant process information into an associated structure simulation using a suitable interface and therefore predict component behavior. However, the individual steps of integrative simulation must all be consistently validated and calibrated using experimental data. This means that process parameters and tool geometries must be known and real moldings must be available. Consequently, this concept is only available as of the stage of component development where prototypes can already be produced.
By contrast, the process developed by researchers at Fraunhofer LBF already takes the fiber orientation of short-fiber-reinforced injection molded parts into account at a stage where no actual components are yet available.
New injection molding tool for fiber orientation studies
Unlike with fully integrative approaches, the new calculation method does not determine the fiber orientation based on finite elements but rather on shaped elements or key areas. These can be, for example, ribs, domes or flat areas.
Scientists have developed a new injection molding tool to asses the fiber orientation as a function of the shaped element and the angle of incidence. This offers the possibility of integrating different functional elements while maintaining the same molding base. Large and small domes and ribs were used as interchangeable inserts for functional elements. With the new tool it is possible to investigate the influence of the flow conditions by varying the angle of incidence. Thanks to the concept, further approaches can be developed in a cost-effective manner. The tool has two cavities with different wall thicknesses which can be operated independently of each other. The base of the molded parts is a 60 x 60 mm plate.
Large spectrum of fiber orientations
In their experimental fiber orientation analyses, the scientists in Darmstadt found a variety of distinct fiber orientations. The information necessary for the desired modeling method is derived from the second-order orientation tensor, i.e. its main orientation and degree of distribution. The information obtained can now be used to determine the anisotropy and the main direction for each layer. In this case, the number of layers can be defined as a change in the orientation distribution (suitable for the material) or as a manual specification (based on experience). An automatic analysis algorithm determines a suitable material model, for example isotropic or orthotropic, for each layer identified, as well as all necessary model parameters. For this purpose, in addition to the data from the computer, determined mechanical test data are required as an input.
This information can then be transferred to the model in the structure simulation (mapping). The method can be applied to results from injection simulations as well as to results of CT analyses.
In addition to a simplified design strategy, further application scenarios are created using an information database dependent on the shaped elements. On the one hand, the information can be used to design components in accordance with the potential stress they will be exposed to, for example, ribs in the correct positions with the optimum shape and orientation. On the other hand, it has been shown that the results can be used to optimize the fiber orientation calculation used in integrative approaches.
The results presented here were generated as part of the IGF project 18362N "Phenomenological Calculation Strategy for Short-fiber-reinforced Injection Moldings", funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy via the AiF as part of the program for the promotion of industrial joint research and development (IGF) following a ruling of the German Bundestag.
Short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic injection molded parts are increasingly being used in place of steel or aluminum. The Fraunhofer Institute for Structural Durability and System Reliability LBF has developed a method to take into account the fiber orientation of short-fiber-reinforced injection molded parts, even at stages where there are still no components, such as prototypes. This phenomenological calculation concept is expected to close a significant gap in the design cycle of these molded parts.
Depending on the level of detail required, the new procedure can be regarded as an independent solution for component design or as an upstream supplement for integrative simulation. Fraunhofer LBF will present its research results from 12 to 14 March 2019 at the JEC trade fair in Paris at the Hessen joint exhibition in Hall 5, booth G71. More information is available at www.lbf.fraunhofer.de/jec2019
Typical applications for short-fiber-reinforced thermoplastic injection molded parts include their usage in the automotive or aerospace industries. In the automotive industry, in particular, where large quantities are required in the shortest time frames, the injection molding process represents an efficient manufacturing process of plastics, also allowing for high design flexibility. However, predicting fiber orientation which is determined by the process, material and dimensions being used, still presents a major challenge. This concept is still at the cutting edge of current research.
One method of incorporating fiber orientation into the design of corresponding shaped parts is integrative simulation. This makes it possible to transfer relevant process information into an associated structure simulation using a suitable interface and therefore predict component behavior. However, the individual steps of integrative simulation must all be consistently validated and calibrated using experimental data. This means that process parameters and tool geometries must be known and real moldings must be available. Consequently, this concept is only available as of the stage of component development where prototypes can already be produced.
By contrast, the process developed by researchers at Fraunhofer LBF already takes the fiber orientation of short-fiber-reinforced injection molded parts into account at a stage where no actual components are yet available.
New injection molding tool for fiber orientation studies
Unlike with fully integrative approaches, the new calculation method does not determine the fiber orientation based on finite elements but rather on shaped elements or key areas. These can be, for example, ribs, domes or flat areas.
Scientists have developed a new injection molding tool to asses the fiber orientation as a function of the shaped element and the angle of incidence. This offers the possibility of integrating different functional elements while maintaining the same molding base. Large and small domes and ribs were used as interchangeable inserts for functional elements. With the new tool it is possible to investigate the influence of the flow conditions by varying the angle of incidence. Thanks to the concept, further approaches can be developed in a cost-effective manner. The tool has two cavities with different wall thicknesses which can be operated independently of each other. The base of the molded parts is a 60 x 60 mm plate.
Large spectrum of fiber orientations
In their experimental fiber orientation analyses, the scientists in Darmstadt found a variety of distinct fiber orientations. The information necessary for the desired modeling method is derived from the second-order orientation tensor, i.e. its main orientation and degree of distribution. The information obtained can now be used to determine the anisotropy and the main direction for each layer. In this case, the number of layers can be defined as a change in the orientation distribution (suitable for the material) or as a manual specification (based on experience). An automatic analysis algorithm determines a suitable material model, for example isotropic or orthotropic, for each layer identified, as well as all necessary model parameters. For this purpose, in addition to the data from the computer, determined mechanical test data are required as an input.
This information can then be transferred to the model in the structure simulation (mapping). The method can be applied to results from injection simulations as well as to results of CT analyses.
In addition to a simplified design strategy, further application scenarios are created using an information database dependent on the shaped elements. On the one hand, the information can be used to design components in accordance with the potential stress they will be exposed to, for example, ribs in the correct positions with the optimum shape and orientation. On the other hand, it has been shown that the results can be used to optimize the fiber orientation calculation used in integrative approaches.
The results presented here were generated as part of the IGF project 18362N "Phenomenological Calculation Strategy for Short-fiber-reinforced Injection Moldings", funded by the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy via the AiF as part of the program for the promotion of industrial joint research and development (IGF) following a ruling of the German Bundestag.
