Very light, structurally stable components made of thermoset fiber composites have been used for many years in motor sports and in the field of high-quality sports vehicles. Carbon components (carbon-fiber-reinforced plastics, CFRPs) such as roof modules can be efficiently produced using the so-called resin transfer molding (RTM) process.
In order to reduce costs and use a recyclable material in these applications, Fraunhofer ICT has been researching the thermoplastic variant of the RTM process - so-called thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM) - for several years. By substituting thermosetting matrix systems with the monomer ε-caprolactam, material costs can be significantly reduced and the recyclability of components can be ensured. In the T-RTM process, the melted ε-caprolactam polymerizes to polyamide 6. Due to the low viscosity of the monomer melt, complex continuous fiber composite structures can be infiltrated quickly and efficiently. So-called in-situ polymerization - to form the component - then takes place in the temperature-controlled mold. For research purposes, Fraunhofer ICT now also owns a high-pressure RTM dosing unit.
The T-RTM process has now been tested for the production of thermoplastic composite leaf springs for automotive applications, as part of a customer project. Until now thermoset matrix systems have been used for the commercial production of composite leaf springs. "We can achieve a significant cost saving by using ε-caprolactam as a matrix system" explains project manager Rainer Wendel. "Three to four kilograms of matrix are needed to produce one leaf spring". The raw material costs of ε-caprolactam are currently around 50% of the costs of an epoxy resin.
Demonstration of complete, high-quality recycling of the component
The component is also fully recyclable after its life cycle due to the thermoplastic matrix. One possibility is the depolymerization of the plastic into its individual chemical building blocks. Alternatively, the component can be shredded, compounded and used as a glass-fiber-reinforced injection molding material. The property profile, material production costs and the energy requirements are decisive factors and will be considered in the next step of the development work.
Significant progress in process engineering
The anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam to PA6 is very sensitive to moisture. For this reason, according to the current state of the art, the materials to be processed must not come into contact with moisture. Fiber stacks with 20 or more fiber layers usually have to be pre-dried to ensure good chemical conversion of the reactive monomers. The working group of Rainer Wendel has quantified the influence of water and developed a method to compensate for moisture. This renders the T-RTM process based on ε-caprolactam much more robust against external influences, and pre-drying of the semi-finished fiber products is no longer necessary. This was demonstrated in the production of leaf springs, with the successful processing of undried preforms. The result is a further cost advantage through reduced energy consumption and fewer process steps. The manufactured leaf springs are currently being characterized by the customer and tested and evaluated with regard to industrial series application.
In order to reduce costs and use a recyclable material in these applications, Fraunhofer ICT has been researching the thermoplastic variant of the RTM process - so-called thermoplastic resin transfer molding (T-RTM) - for several years. By substituting thermosetting matrix systems with the monomer ε-caprolactam, material costs can be significantly reduced and the recyclability of components can be ensured. In the T-RTM process, the melted ε-caprolactam polymerizes to polyamide 6. Due to the low viscosity of the monomer melt, complex continuous fiber composite structures can be infiltrated quickly and efficiently. So-called in-situ polymerization - to form the component - then takes place in the temperature-controlled mold. For research purposes, Fraunhofer ICT now also owns a high-pressure RTM dosing unit.
The T-RTM process has now been tested for the production of thermoplastic composite leaf springs for automotive applications, as part of a customer project. Until now thermoset matrix systems have been used for the commercial production of composite leaf springs. "We can achieve a significant cost saving by using ε-caprolactam as a matrix system" explains project manager Rainer Wendel. "Three to four kilograms of matrix are needed to produce one leaf spring". The raw material costs of ε-caprolactam are currently around 50% of the costs of an epoxy resin.
Demonstration of complete, high-quality recycling of the component
The component is also fully recyclable after its life cycle due to the thermoplastic matrix. One possibility is the depolymerization of the plastic into its individual chemical building blocks. Alternatively, the component can be shredded, compounded and used as a glass-fiber-reinforced injection molding material. The property profile, material production costs and the energy requirements are decisive factors and will be considered in the next step of the development work.
Significant progress in process engineering
The anionic polymerization of ε-caprolactam to PA6 is very sensitive to moisture. For this reason, according to the current state of the art, the materials to be processed must not come into contact with moisture. Fiber stacks with 20 or more fiber layers usually have to be pre-dried to ensure good chemical conversion of the reactive monomers. The working group of Rainer Wendel has quantified the influence of water and developed a method to compensate for moisture. This renders the T-RTM process based on ε-caprolactam much more robust against external influences, and pre-drying of the semi-finished fiber products is no longer necessary. This was demonstrated in the production of leaf springs, with the successful processing of undried preforms. The result is a further cost advantage through reduced energy consumption and fewer process steps. The manufactured leaf springs are currently being characterized by the customer and tested and evaluated with regard to industrial series application.
