Unlike machining, 3D metal printing is a relatively new production technology. The innovative method offers many advantages, including its ability to produce parts with internal cavities, lattice structures or particularly thin-walled geometric shapes. However, the quality and surface finish of components is pivotal, especially in applications where ensuring safety and gaining certifications is important. This is why in addition to analysing the powder used, toolcraft evaluates the properties of additively manufactured test pieces, as these are representative of the subsequently produced components. The company has now developed the means of using metrology to test the fatigue strength of various metals.
Using fatigue testing to determine dynamic strength
Fatigue strength describes how materials change shape or fail when exposed to cyclic stress. Until fatigue testing was introduced, component strength was only determined using tensile testing. However, new demands placed on materials also require their dynamic strength to be analysed. By performing alternating tensile and fatigue tests, it is possible to use fatigue diagrams, such as the Smith diagram, to evaluate all stresses relevant to a particular system and, as a result, the reliability of the material being processed. Innovations such as "predictive maintenance", which is an Industry 4.0 technology, require detailed knowledge about how materials behave, while mechatronic systems demand cross-system reliability testing.
Fatigue testing using the Wöhler method and in line with DIN 50100
During fatigue testing, the material is examined using the Wöhler method and evaluated in accordance with the DIN 50100 standard. This means that the test stand must offer statistically significant long-term stability. This is because enormous stress is caused by the oscillations (up to 150 Hz and, in some cases, as much as 500 Hz) and the centrifugal forces are considerable as well. The test begins by clarifying the three main stresses – tensile and compressive stress, bending stress and torsional stress. After this, a suitable test stand is selected and test pieces are produced in accordance with the applicable standards. This process is generally performed in conformity with the DIN 50125 standard. More recent trends also require very high cycle fatigue tests to be performed, which is when materials are exposed to more than 10,000,000 load cycles. The objective is for the load level to be plotted against the number of cycles, allowing a Wöhler curve to be calculated. During the test, a condition monitoring system analyses how the material behaves under the alternating stress. In doing so, it identifies limits that allow conclusions to be drawn about the expected durability of the component in its actual area of use.
Extending the process chain
Without fatigue testing, component reliability can only be evaluated on the basis of tensile test data. However, the German FKM guideline (Arithmetical Proof of Strength of Mechanical Engineering Parts) demands specific factors of safety for system evaluations (generally a factor of safety greater than 2). If, however, material use is reduced, for example, factors of safety below 2 are required. This can only be verified using fatigue testing. By adding fatigue testing to its portfolio, toolcraft is once again extending its range of services along the complete process chain in-house, from the initial idea and manufacturing to the finished, qualified part.
Using fatigue testing to determine dynamic strength
Fatigue strength describes how materials change shape or fail when exposed to cyclic stress. Until fatigue testing was introduced, component strength was only determined using tensile testing. However, new demands placed on materials also require their dynamic strength to be analysed. By performing alternating tensile and fatigue tests, it is possible to use fatigue diagrams, such as the Smith diagram, to evaluate all stresses relevant to a particular system and, as a result, the reliability of the material being processed. Innovations such as "predictive maintenance", which is an Industry 4.0 technology, require detailed knowledge about how materials behave, while mechatronic systems demand cross-system reliability testing.
Fatigue testing using the Wöhler method and in line with DIN 50100
During fatigue testing, the material is examined using the Wöhler method and evaluated in accordance with the DIN 50100 standard. This means that the test stand must offer statistically significant long-term stability. This is because enormous stress is caused by the oscillations (up to 150 Hz and, in some cases, as much as 500 Hz) and the centrifugal forces are considerable as well. The test begins by clarifying the three main stresses – tensile and compressive stress, bending stress and torsional stress. After this, a suitable test stand is selected and test pieces are produced in accordance with the applicable standards. This process is generally performed in conformity with the DIN 50125 standard. More recent trends also require very high cycle fatigue tests to be performed, which is when materials are exposed to more than 10,000,000 load cycles. The objective is for the load level to be plotted against the number of cycles, allowing a Wöhler curve to be calculated. During the test, a condition monitoring system analyses how the material behaves under the alternating stress. In doing so, it identifies limits that allow conclusions to be drawn about the expected durability of the component in its actual area of use.
Extending the process chain
Without fatigue testing, component reliability can only be evaluated on the basis of tensile test data. However, the German FKM guideline (Arithmetical Proof of Strength of Mechanical Engineering Parts) demands specific factors of safety for system evaluations (generally a factor of safety greater than 2). If, however, material use is reduced, for example, factors of safety below 2 are required. This can only be verified using fatigue testing. By adding fatigue testing to its portfolio, toolcraft is once again extending its range of services along the complete process chain in-house, from the initial idea and manufacturing to the finished, qualified part.
